概述

利用切片机将动、植物组织器官切成薄片，加以染色，以便在显微镜下进行观察的技术.用以研究器官组织、细胞的微细结构，并可长期保存.它在医学、生物学、组织胚胎学等领域广泛应用.为了制成极薄的切片，要用支持剂使组织块具有一定硬度.因支持剂不同，分为石蜡切片、火棉胶切片、冰冻切片等.制片的主要步骤如下：（１）取材固定，用一定的化学固定剂使组织细胞保持原有的形态结构，防止细胞溶解和腐败，也使细胞内蛋白质等成分沉淀、凝固，产生不同折射率，以便于观察，也便于染色，并起硬化作用.（２）冲洗、脱水与透明，用水或酒精将材料中的固定液除去，以免生成结晶或影响染色.再用脱水剂（通常用不同浓度的酒精）脱去材料中的水分，使组织材料变硬，也使透明剂（如二甲苯）易于渗入.透明的目的在于使支持剂（如石蜡）渗入.（３）透入与包埋，使支持剂浸透组织，按观察要求制成蜡块.（４）切片与贴片，用切片机切成一定厚度的薄片，粘贴在载玻片上.（５）染色，待切片干燥后，用适当的有机溶剂，将支持剂去掉，并根据需要，用不同染色剂染色，使不同部位显示不同颜色，产生不同折射率，以便在显微镜下能观察到不同结构.（６）切片标本染好后，再用透明剂透明，用胶类物质（如加拿大树胶）封固.这样，切片就能长期保存.此外，还有非切片法，如洋葱表皮装片，动物疏松结缔组织铺片，无脊椎动物水螅、草履虫、昆虫的整体封藏，血液和精液的涂片，硬骨、牙齿等的磨片，以及平滑肌细胞分离封固等，不须切成薄片的各种方法，也归属这一技术.The use of slicing machines will be animal and plant tissues and organs cut into thin slices, to be dyed in order to observe under the microscope technology. For the study of organ tissues, cells, micro-structure, and can be long-term preservation. It is in medicine, biology, organizational embryo widely used in fields of study. In order to made of very thin slices, use the support agent to make tissue has a certain hardness. for supporting the different agents are divided into paraffin, collodion sections, frozen sections and so on. The major steps in production are as follows: (1) derived fixed, with a certain degree of chemical fixative to tissue cells maintain their morphological structure, preventing cell lysis and corruption, but also protein and other components within the cell precipitation, coagulation, resulting in different refractive index, in order to facilitate observation, is also easy to stain, and the role played sclerosis. (2) washing, dehydration and transparency, water or alcohol in the fixative the material removed so as not to produce or affect the dye crystal. then dehydrating agent (usually with different concentrations of alcohol) off material in the water, so that the organization materials, hardening, but also to make transparent agent (eg xylene) easy to penetrate. transparency aims to enable support for agent (such as paraffin) into the. (3) penetration into and embedding, so that support for agent permeate the organization, according to observations made of wax blocks required. (4) sections and patch, using slicing machine cut into a certain thickness of the sheet, paste in the glass slide. (5) staining, sections to be dried, with the appropriate organic solvent , will support the agents removed, and, where necessary, using different dye staining, so that different parts of the show different colors, have different refractive index, so that can be observed under the microscope to the different structures. (6), after a good slice stained specimens, and then Transparent Agent transparent, with plastic substances (such as Canada gums) Sealing. In this way, slices can be long-term preservation. In addition, there are non-slicing method, such as onion skin fitted sheet, animals, loose connective tissue stretched invertebrate Hydra, Paramecium, insects as a whole seal Xizang, blood and semen smears, hard bones, teeth grinding, etc., as well as smooth muscle cell separation Sealing and so on, do not need to cut into thin slices of various methods, but also ownership of the technology.