概述

俄罗斯建筑

具有 俄罗斯民族特点的建筑形成于１２世纪末.俄罗斯式教堂有浑圆饱满的穹顶，称为战盔式穹顶，代表作是 诺夫哥罗德附近的斯巴斯.涅列基扎教堂（１９８—１１９）。莫斯科 克里姆林宫始建于１２世纪.１５世纪 莫斯科大公 伊凡三世时初具规模，以后逐渐扩大，成为莫斯科城市设防的中心部分.１６世纪中叶起成为沙皇的宫堡，１７世纪逐渐失去城堡的性质而成为莫斯科的市中心建筑群.于１５世纪末在克里姆林宫建造了圣母升天教堂和多棱宫.圣母升天教堂又是王公加冕的礼仪厅，采用希腊 十字平面，５个穹顶都有高高的鼓座，结构较轻，空间开朗.多棱宫为举行仪典和宴会的场所，是意大利匠师所建，带有意大利文艺复兴时代风格和细部处理特征，大厅中央有一根大柱子，继承了俄罗斯木建筑传统.１６世纪，俄罗斯建成 中央集权国家.莫斯科 红场上的华西里。柏拉仁内教堂（１５—１５６１）是一座大型纪念建筑，中央是一个“ 帐篷顶”，总高４６米，周围８座较小 墩子，都采用战盔式穹顶，饰以金、绿两色夹杂黄、红色.教堂用红砖砌筑，细部用白色石料，装饰华丽，色彩强烈.１７世纪末至１８世纪初， 彼得大帝学习西欧，俄罗斯建筑西欧化.这一时期在 彼得堡修建了 彼得保罗要塞和 冬宫.彼得堡要塞建在 涅瓦河进入彼得堡的入口处，其中的一所平面为 拉丁十字式的教堂，带有西方建筑的印记.教堂金色尖顶高达３４米，与周围水面和房屋、围墙构成强烈对比.冬宫是 巴洛克建筑的范例，为沙皇宫殿.其规模宏大，房屋千间，平面为长方形，中心有内庭院.建筑按外立面划分为上下两部分，采用混合式柱式，上部柱式两层通高.内部为大厅，细部的 巴洛克手法应用壁柱、窗框和各式山花、雕像、花瓶等装饰，节奏复杂，效果丰富而强烈.１８世纪下半叶，俄国的 城市建设活跃.因受法国影响，建筑形式趋向简化，追求单纯的几何形式，主要是 古典主义的形式.莫斯科克里姆林宫的 枢密院是这时期的代表作.１９世纪上半叶，俄罗斯成为欧洲强国，彼得堡中心广场周围建成了一批大型纪念性建筑物. 海军部大厦正中高达７２米，位于广场北部，是城市三条放射形街道（其中一条是 涅瓦大街）的交汇点.大厦北面涅瓦河对岸为交易所，东北面为彼得保罗要塞的教堂，海军部大厦东面为冬宫.建在冬宫南面的弧形的总司令部大厦，立面简单朴素，仅在中央有一座巨大 凯旋门式的拱门，构成 冬宫广场的南入口，从涅瓦大街有一条 岔道通往拱门.广场中央矗立着４７米多高的亚历山大纪功柱，同冬宫和总司令部大厦平展的体形相映衬，丰富了广场建筑群的构图.海军部西侧翼同对面 元老院和宗教会议大厦组成元老院广场.广场北面有著名的 彼得大帝铜像，南面有伊萨基甫斯基 天主教堂，体形高大雄浑，通过海军部前广场可以一直望到冬宫广场中央的纪功柱.这时期还在涅瓦大街上建造了亚历山大剧院和 卡桑教堂等著名建筑. The Russian national characteristics with the construction was formed in the 12 century. The Russian- style church has rounded full dome, known as the battle helmet-style dome, the representative is near the Si Basi Novgorod. Nirvana out Kidza Church (198-119) . Moscow, the Kremlin was built in the 12th century Grand Duchy of Moscow Ivan III .15 century when the shape, then gradually expand to become a central part of Moscow city fortified .16 By mid-century the castle became a Tsar, the 17th century castle, the nature of the losing become the heart of Moscow buildings. in the late 15th century Our Lady of Assumption in the Kremlin, built churches and granovit. Our Lady of Assumption Church is crowned kings of the ritual hall, using the Greek cross plane, five dome has a high drum Block, the structure lighter, cheerful space. granovit rituals and banquets for the holding of a place built by Italian craftsmen, with the Italian Renaissance style and detail treatment characteristics of the central hall there is a large pillar, inherited the Russian wooden architectural tradition .16 century, Russia built a centralized state. Moscow's Red Square of the West Village. Plato Ren and Church (15-1561) is a large-scale monuments, the Central is a "tent-top", with a total 46 meters high, surrounded by eight smaller Dunzai, have adopted war helmet-style dome, decorated with gold and green two-color mixture of yellow and red. the church with red brick masonry, detail of white stone, ornate, color strongly .17 end of the century to the early 18th century, Peter the Great to study in Western Europe, Russia, Western Europe-oriented architecture. this period, built in St. Petersburg Peter and Paul forts and the Winter Palace. Petersberg fortress built on the Neva River into St. Petersburg at the entrance, where a plane for the Latin Cross style church, with the imprint of Western architecture. Church of the golden spire of up to 34 meters, with the surrounding surface and housing, the wall constitutes a sharp contrast. Winter Palace is an example of Baroque architecture, the palace of the Tsar. its large-scale, housing 1000, flat rectangular, center courtyards. building facade is divided into upper and lower by two parts, mixed - -type column, the upper two-high column. inside the hall, detail of the Baroque techniques applied pilasters, window frames and a variety of mountain flowers, statues, vases and other decorative, rhythmic complexity, rich and the strong effect of the second half of the century .18 Ye, Russia's urban construction activity. due to French influence, built form, tends to simplify, the pursuit of pure geometric forms, mainly in the form of classicism. Moscow, the Kremlin's Privy Council is the representative of this period was .19 half of the century, Russia became European powers, St. Petersburg, built around the central square a number of large monuments. Department of the Navy Building, the middle of up to 72 meters, is located in the north plaza, three radial streets of the city (of which one is the Neva Avenue) intersection. Building the north Neva other side of the exchange, the north-east of the church for the Peter and Paul Fortress, Department of the Navy Building, east of the Winter Palace. built in the Winter Palace of the General Command of the south arc of building facades simplicity, only the Central Authorities have an great Arc de Triomphe-style arches, constitute the Winter Palace Square, the south entrance, from the Neva archway leading to the street there is a chadao. plaza of the Central stands 47 meters tall Alexander Jigong columns, with the Winter Palace and the General Command of the shape phase buildings silhouetted against the flat enrich the square complex composition. Department of the Navy with the western flank of the Conference Building opposite the senate and the religious composition of Senate Square. plaza north of the famous statue of Peter the Great, the south-fu Gaussian Ithaca Catholic Church, body tall and forceful , through the Department of the Navy can continue to beheld square in front of the Winter Palace Square, the central Jigong column. Neva Avenue, this period has also built a theater and Cacao churches of Alexandria and other famous buildings.